- - AGRICULTURE CORE CURRICULUM - - (CLF200) Core area: ANIMAL SCIENCE (CLF270) Unit title: ANIMAL HEALTH ______________________________________________________________________________ (CLF274) Topic: NORMAL TEMPERATURE, time taught in year PULSE AND RESPIRATION 2 hours 1 ______________________________________________________________________________ Topic objectives: Upon completion of this lesson the student will be able to: Learning outcome # (F-12) - Properly determine the body temperature of an animal. Supplies and Material: Supplemental Handout #1; rectal thermometers; (stethoscopes if possible), animals to practice on; Animal Health Glossary. References: Anchor Veterinary Handbook. Philips Roxane, Inc. 1983 Equis Magazine Hayes, J. (1984). Animal Health: 1984 Yearbook of Agriculture. Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1984 The Merck Veterinary Manual, Merck & Co., Inc., Rathway, New Jersey Winkler, J. (1982). Farm Animal Health and Disease Control. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Evaluation: Have the students determine the heart and respiration rate and the rectal temperature of a given animal. TOPIC PRESENTATION: NORMAL TEMPERATURE, PULSE AND RESPIRATION A. One should know the normal range of the temperature for the species before determining if the animal's temperature is abnormal. 1. Supplemental Handout #1 summarizes those temperature ranges. 2. Air temperature, exercise, late stages of pregnancy and illness may affect normal temperatures. B. To determine an animal's temperature the following steps must be used (see Handout #1.) 1. Animal temps are taken using a thermometer inserted, full length into the rectum 2. The thermometer should be of an appropriate size for species, (in a pinch a human size one will do for most animals). 3. Attach a string to end of thermometer prior to insertion to prevent losing it. (animals can "suck a thermometer into the rectum, be careful). 4. Clean the thermometer with alcohol, NOT RUNNING WATER as hot/cold water may crack the thermometer and alcohol also acts as a better disinfectant. 5. Shake the thermometer to below 90 degrees. 6. If necessary to lubricate thermometer before insertion, lube it with Vaseline, oil or even saliva. 7. Lift the tail and insert the thermometer full length into the rectum. 8. After one to three minutes (it depends on the thermometer) remove and read the temperature. 9. Disinfect it, shake it down and replace in the holder. C. To determine pulse rate (see table Handout #1); 1. Take pulse for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 to get pulse per minute. 2. The best method includes the use of a stethoscope, but if none is available, pulse rate can be determined by constricting a major artery, or even listening with an ear, or feeling the heart beat through the ribs with a hand. 3. For the following animals, the best place to get a pulse is; a. cattle - press the artery outside of jaw just above the lower border, use the soft spot just above the inner dewclaw, or just above the hock; b. sheep and swine - press the artery inside the thigh where it comes close to the skin surface; c. horses - press the artery of jaw just in front of throatlatch, artery inside of elbow, the artery under tail, or inside of the thigh; and d. lab animals, dogs and cats - with smaller animals, hold the chest in palm of hand with fingers around the rib cage and feel heartbeat, with larger animals, press the artery inside thigh. D. To determine respiration rate (see table Handout #1): 1. Use a stethoscope, if available. 2. With small animals, count the number of times the ribs rise and fall. 3. With large animals, place your hand on the flank and count the rise and fall of the abdomen for one minute. ______________________________________________________ ACTIVITY: If not done in CLF272, have students take temperature, pulse and respiration rates for several species in lab or at farm. Have them perform this exercise in pairs ______________________________________________________ SUPPLEMENTAL HANDOUT #1 HEART RATES (beats/minute) RECTAL TEMPERATURE AND RESPIRATION RATE ANIMAL AVERAGE RANGE ASS 50 40-56 BAT 750 100-970 CAMEL 30 25-32 CAT 120 110-140 CHICKEN - 250-300 COW - 60-70 DOG - 100-130 ELEPHANT 35 22-53 GIRAFFE 66 - GOAT 90 70-135 GUINEA PIG 280 260-400 HORSE 44 28-70 HUMAN 70 58-104 LION 40 - MONKEY 192 165-240 MOUSE 534 324-858 RABBIT 205 128-304 RAT 328 261-600 SHEEP 75 60-120 SKUNK 166 144-192 SQUIRREL 249 96-378 SWINE - 59-86 RECTAL TEMPERATURES ANIMAL F (+ or -) 1 degree C (+ or -) 0.5 degree CAT 101.5 38.5 CATTLE 101.5 38.5 DOG 102 39 GOAT 104 40 HORSE 100.5 38 PIG 102 39 RABBIT 102.5 39.3 SHEEP 103 39.5 RESPIRATORY RATE (breaths/minute) ANIMAL RESPIRATION. RATE CAT 26 CHICKEN: male 12-20 female 20-36 COW 30 DOG 22 GUINEA PIG 90 HAMSTER 74 HORSE 12 HUMAN 12 MONKEY 40 RABBIT 39 RAT 97 10/17/88 gfv